I worked this text in English IV, but I wanted to share it here because it is very interesting. It explains the challenge facing China to grow as one unified nation. And at the same time proves the interest of the Chinese nation to forget its disputes with the United States seek to strengthen and open his borders to the world. This is wonderful for us; give us the opportunity to meet one of the culturally richest countries
The Many Chinas
1What factors hinder the growth of "understanding and mutual trust" between China
2and the U.S.? Chinese President Hu Jintao called for more of both when he met with
3U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates in Beijing and is likely to refer to it again when
4he lands in the U.S. on Jan. 18. One big obstacle, according to Beijing, is cultural
5warfare. Intimidated by China's rise, Chinese spokesmen insist, the West has been
6going out of its way to offend the world's most populous country and second biggest
7economy. Exhibit A in their brief: the Nobel Peace Prize committee's decision to honor
8Liu Xiaobo, a figure with views so allegedly "un-Chinese" that celebrating him is
9equivalent to launching a broadside against China's cultural core.
10We agree that Chinese culture is under assault — but not, as Communist Party
11officials would have it, just from the outside. Yes, some foreigners disparagingly talk
12about China's flawed "cultural DNA," bequeathed to it, apparently, by a hierarchy-
13loving, conformity-prizing "Confucian" heritage. But damage is also being done by
14those within the country who repeat the Chinese leadership's simplistic mantra about 15China's unwavering love of "Confucian" stability and harmony.
11officials would have it, just from the outside. Yes, some foreigners disparagingly talk
12about China's flawed "cultural DNA," bequeathed to it, apparently, by a hierarchy-
13loving, conformity-prizing "Confucian" heritage. But damage is also being done by
14those within the country who repeat the Chinese leadership's simplistic mantra about 15China's unwavering love of "Confucian" stability and harmony.
16One problem with this official rhetoric is that there has been plenty of wavering. A
17century ago, a broad spectrum of Chinese intellectuals criticized Confucianism for
18holding China back, and as recently as the 1970s, communist leaders were
19denouncing Confucius. China, moreover, has never been an exclusively Confucian
20nation. There have always been other indigenous, competing creeds. Taoism, for
21example, has provided an antiauthoritarian counterpoint to hierarchical models of
22politics for millennia.
23Beyond this, visions of imperial China as hermetically sealed off from the world are a
24myth. Foreign belief systems often made their way in and, once reaching Chinese
25soil, merged with some form of Confucianism (there have been many versions of
26that creed) or Taoism (ditto) to create hybrid schools of thought. Long before Deng 27Xiaoping's Marxist-inflected reboot of Lee Kuan Yew's Singaporean capitalist-meets-
28Confucian soft authoritarianism, there were equally complex homegrown fusion
29creations. A famous one was Chan Buddhism (known in Japanese as Zen), a mash-
30up of native Taoist and imported Indian elements.
24myth. Foreign belief systems often made their way in and, once reaching Chinese
25soil, merged with some form of Confucianism (there have been many versions of
26that creed) or Taoism (ditto) to create hybrid schools of thought. Long before Deng 27Xiaoping's Marxist-inflected reboot of Lee Kuan Yew's Singaporean capitalist-meets-
28Confucian soft authoritarianism, there were equally complex homegrown fusion
29creations. A famous one was Chan Buddhism (known in Japanese as Zen), a mash-
30up of native Taoist and imported Indian elements.
31Current efforts to treat Confucius as Chinese culture personified — whether via
32state-funded Confucius Institutes or the not-quite-official Confucius Peace Prize just
33ginned up to compete with the Nobel — also run into trouble when we get to texts.
34Yes, generations of Chinese have valued the great sage's Analects. But they have
35also loved Journey to the West, a popular novel in which the central figure, the
36Monkey King, is a rebellious trickster. Even Liu's essays that present "Chinese
37culture" as an obstacle to progress are hardly "un-Chinese." Lu Xun, an iconoclastic
38figure whose stories were once praised by Mao Zedong and still show up in
39textbooks, made a similar argument in the 1920s.
32state-funded Confucius Institutes or the not-quite-official Confucius Peace Prize just
33ginned up to compete with the Nobel — also run into trouble when we get to texts.
34Yes, generations of Chinese have valued the great sage's Analects. But they have
35also loved Journey to the West, a popular novel in which the central figure, the
36Monkey King, is a rebellious trickster. Even Liu's essays that present "Chinese
37culture" as an obstacle to progress are hardly "un-Chinese." Lu Xun, an iconoclastic
38figure whose stories were once praised by Mao Zedong and still show up in
39textbooks, made a similar argument in the 1920s.
40In its response to Liu's Nobel win, Beijing is trying to claim the center of Chinese
41culture. Yet Chinese cultural tradition features regional and ethnic variations of
42sufficient breadth to support dozens of doctoral theses. We need to think about
43China, with its mutually unintelligible languages — not merely dialects — as more 44equivalent to a continent than a country.
41culture. Yet Chinese cultural tradition features regional and ethnic variations of
42sufficient breadth to support dozens of doctoral theses. We need to think about
43China, with its mutually unintelligible languages — not merely dialects — as more 44equivalent to a continent than a country.
45Asians, Africans, Europeans and Americans both South and North shouldn't find it
46hard to appreciate that a continent-size country might have a culture that is more
47complex than outsiders imagine or populist nationalists imply. Let's use the U.S. as
48an example. There is something very American about the missionary movements,
49often linked to imperialist expansion, that sent U.S. Christians to varied corners of
50the globe, including China, in the late 1800s and early 1900s. And yet, as the 51enormous interest generated by the newest edition of his autobiography shows, the 52fervently antimissionary, anti-imperialist Mark Twain has long been seen as the 53quintessential U.S. writer. To suggest that his views were somehow un-American
54makes no sense.
46hard to appreciate that a continent-size country might have a culture that is more
47complex than outsiders imagine or populist nationalists imply. Let's use the U.S. as
48an example. There is something very American about the missionary movements,
49often linked to imperialist expansion, that sent U.S. Christians to varied corners of
50the globe, including China, in the late 1800s and early 1900s. And yet, as the 51enormous interest generated by the newest edition of his autobiography shows, the 52fervently antimissionary, anti-imperialist Mark Twain has long been seen as the 53quintessential U.S. writer. To suggest that his views were somehow un-American
54makes no sense.
55Confucianism, whether in service of Beijing's desire to keep political protest in check
56or as the tool of international observers seeking to discredit China as a nation of 57automatons, should be put in its proper place. It is not the polestar but just one
58admittedly important astral body in China's vast intellectual universe.
Read
56or as the tool of international observers seeking to discredit China as a nation of 57automatons, should be put in its proper place. It is not the polestar but just one
58admittedly important astral body in China's vast intellectual universe.
Read
Title | Meaning | Technique |
The Many Chinas | Las diferentes culturas Chinas | Addition |
TRANSLATION
Las diferentes culturas chinas
¿Qué factores impiden el crecimiento de "la comprensión y la confianza mutua" entre China y EE.UU.? El presidente chino, Hu Jintao, pidió más de parte de ambos cuando se reunió con el Secretario de Defensa de EE.UU., Robert Gates, en Beijing y es probable que se refieran a esto de nuevo cuando aterrice en los EE.UU. el 18 de enero. Un gran obstáculo, según Pekín, es la guerra cultural. Los portavoces chinos insisten que Occidente intimidado por el ascenso de China ha estado desviándose de su camino al ofender al país más poblado y la segunda mayor economía del mundo. Prueba A en el expediente: la decisión del comité del Premio Nobel de la Paz que honra a Liu Xiaobo, una figura con puntos de vista supuestamente "anti-chino" ya que apoyarlo es equivalente a proyectar una avanzada contra el núcleo cultural de China.
Estamos de acuerdo en que la cultura china está bajo ataque - pero no sólo desde el exterior tal y como los oficialistas del Partido Comunista lo entienden. Sí, algunos extranjeros despectivamente hablan de los defectos del "ADN cultural" chino, debido aparentemente a la herencia “confuciana” de premiar la conformidad y el amor a la jerarquía. Pero el daño también se está realizando dentro del país por los que repiten el mantra de liderazgo simplista sobre el amor incondicional chino a la estabilidad y la armonía "Confuciana".
Un problema con esta retórica oficial es que se produce un montón de incertidumbre. Hace un siglo, un amplio espectro de intelectuales chinos criticó el confucionismo por retener la evolución de China, y en fecha tan reciente como la década de 1970, los líderes comunistas denunciaban a Confucio. China, por otra parte, nunca ha sido una nación exclusivamente confuciana. Siempre han tenido otros credos indígenas que compiten entre ellos. El taoísmo, por ejemplo, ha proporcionado una contraparte a los modelos jerárquicos anti autoritarios de la política desde hace milenios.
Más allá de esto, las visiones de la China imperial como herméticamente aislada del mundo son un mito. Los sistemas de creencia extranjeros a menudo se abrieron paso y, una vez que llegaron al suelo chino, se fusionaron con alguna forma de confucionismo (existen muchas versiones de ese credo) o el taoísmo (ídem) para crear escuelas de pensamiento híbrido. Mucho antes del reinicio de la inflexión marxista de Deng Xiaoping en el Singapur de Lee Kuan Yew el cual era de tendencia autoritaria blanda confuciana-capitalista, hubo creaciones de fusión de origen propio igualmente complejas. Una de estas fue el famoso Budismo Chan (conocido en Japón como Zen), una mezcla de los elementos taoístas nativos e importados de la India.
Los esfuerzos actuales para tratar a Confucio como personificación de la cultura china - ya sea a través de Institutos de Confucio fundados por el Estado o el no -del todo- oficial Premio Confucio de la Paz recién creado para competir con el Premio Nobel - también se meten en problemas cuando lleguemos a los textos. Sí, las generaciones de chinos han valorado el gran sabio de las Analectas. Pero también le han encantado Viaje al Oeste, una novela popular en la que la figura central, el Rey Mono, es un embaucador rebelde. Los ensayos de Liu que incluso presentan "la cultura china" como un obstáculo para el progreso son apenas "anti-chinos". Lu Xun, una figura iconoclasta cuyas historias fueron elogiados una vez por Mao Zedong y sigue apareciendo en los libros de texto, hizo un argumento similar en la década de 1920.
En respuesta a la victoria de Liu al obtener el Nobel, Beijing está tratando de reclamar el centro de la cultura china. Sin embargo, la tradición cultural china cuenta con variaciones regionales y étnicas de la suficiente amplitud como para apoyar a decenas de tesis doctorales. Tenemos que pensar en China, con sus lenguas mutuamente ininteligibles - no sólo dialectos – como algo más equivalente a un continente que a un país.
Para los asiáticos, africanos, europeos y americanos tanto del Sur como del Norte no les debería resultar difícil darse cuenta que un país del tamaño de un continente podría tener una cultura más compleja de lo que podrían imaginar los extranjeros o lo que presuponen los nacionalistas populistas. Vamos a utilizar los EE.UU. como un ejemplo. Hay algo muy americano acerca de los movimientos misioneros, a menudo vinculados a la expansión imperialista, que envió a los cristianos de EE.UU. a variados rincones del mundo, incluida China, a finales de 1800 y principios de 1900. Y, sin embargo, como el enorme interés generado por la nueva edición de su autobiografía muestra, el ferviente anti-misionero y anti-imperialista Mark Twain es visto como el escritor estadounidense por excelencia. Sugerir que sus opiniones eran en cierto modo anti-estadounidense no tiene sentido.
El confucionismo, ya sea sirviendo al deseo de Pekín de mantener bajo control la protesta política o como la herramienta de los observadores internacionales que buscan desacreditar a China como una nación de autómatas, debe ser puesto en su lugar correspondiente. No es la estrella polar, pero ciertamente es un importante cuerpo astral en el vasto universo intelectual de China.
TRANSLATION PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES
Phrases
1 Intimidated by China's rise, Chinese spokesmen insist, the West has been going out of its way to offend the world's most populous country and second biggest economy.
Translation
Los portavoces chinos insisten que Occidente intimidado por el ascenso de China ha estado desviándose de su camino al ofender al país más poblado y la segunda mayor economía del mundo
T.P.S techniques used: Modifying type 1, Natural Equivalence
2 Yes, some foreigners disparagingly talk about China's flawed "cultural DNA," bequeathed to it, apparently, by a hierarchy-loving, conformity-prizing "Confucian" heritage.
Translation
Sí, algunos extranjeros despectivamente hablan de los defectos del "ADN cultural" chino, debido aparentemente a la herencia “confuciana” de premiar la conformidad y el amor a la jerarquía.
T.P.S techniques used: Modifying type 2
3 Long before Deng Xiaoping's Marxist-inflected reboot of Lee Kuan Yew's Singaporean capitalist-meets-Confucian soft authoritarianism, there were equally complex homegrown fusion creations.
Translation
Mucho antes del reinicio de la inflexión marxista de Deng Xiaoping en el Singapur de Lee Kuan Yew el cual era de tendencia autoritaria blanda confuciana-capitalista, hubo creaciones de fusión de origen propio igualmente complejas.
T.P.S techniques used: Modifying type 1 y 2, Addition y Expliciting
4 Yet Chinese cultural tradition features regional and ethnic variations of sufficient breadth to support dozens of doctoral theses.
Translation
Sin embargo, la tradición cultural china cuenta con variaciones regionales y étnicas de la suficiente amplitud como para apoyar a decenas de tesis doctorales.
T.P.S techniques used: Expliciting
5 And yet, as the enormous interest generated by the newest edition of his autobiography shows, the fervently antimissionary, anti-imperialist Mark Twain has long been seen as the quintessential U.S. writer.
Translation
Y, sin embargo, como el enorme interés generado por la nueva edición de su autobiografía muestra, el ferviente anti-misionero y anti-imperialista Mark Twain es visto como el escritor estadounidense por excelencia.
T.P.S techniques used: Natural Equivalence, Transposition
6 Confucianism, whether in service of Beijing's desire to keep political protest in check or as the tool of international observers seeking to discredit China as a nation of automatons, should be put in its proper place.
Translation
El confucionismo, ya sea sirviendo al deseo de Pekín de mantener bajo control la protesta política o como la herramienta de los observadores internacionales que buscan desacreditar a China como una nación de autómatas, debe ser puesto en su lugar correspondiente.
T.P.S techniques used: Socio-Cultural Cognitive Bridge
7 It is not the polestar but just one admittedly important astral body in China's vast intellectual universe.
Translation
No es la estrella polar, pero ciertamente es un importante cuerpo astral en el vasto universo intelectual de China.
T.P.S techniques used: Expliciting
COHESIVE FOCUS SECTION
Referent | Line | What does it refers | Function | Grammatical Category |
He | 2 | President Hu Jintao | Anaphoric | Personal Pronouns (Subject) |
He | 4 | President Hu Jintao | Anaphoric | Personal Pronouns (Subject) |
We | 10 | Authors | Anaphoric | Personal Pronouns (Subject) |
We | 33 | Authors | Anaphoric | Personal Pronouns (Subject) |
We | 42 | Authors | Anaphoric | Personal Pronouns (Subject) |
It | 57 | Confucianism | Anaphoric | Personal Pronouns (Subject) |
Him | 8 | Liu Xiaobo | Anaphoric | Personal Pronouns (Object) |
It | 11 | Communist Party officials | Anaphoric | Personal Pronouns (Object) |
It | 12 | hierarchy-loving | Cataphoric | Personal Pronouns (Object) |
It | 45 | China have a complex culture | Cataphoric | Personal Pronouns (Object) |
Its | 6 | Way | Cataphoric | Possessive Adjectives |
Its | 40 | Response | Cataphoric | Possessive Adjectives |
Its | 43 | Mutually unintelligible languages | Cataphoric | Possessive Adjectives |
Its | 57 | Proper place | Cataphoric | Possessive Adjectives |
Their | 7 | Brief | Cataphoric | Possessive Adjectives |
Their | 24 | Way | Cataphoric | Possessive Adjectives |
His | 51 | Autobiography | Cataphoric | Possessive Adjectives |
His | 53 | Views | Cataphoric | Possessive Adjectives |
Those | 14 | People who repeat mantra | Cataphoric | Demonstrative pronoun |
This | 16 | Official rhetoric | Cataphoric | Demonstrative Adjectives |
This | 23 | One problem | Anaphoric | Demonstrative pronoun |
That | 26 | Creed | Cataphoric | Demonstrative Adjectives |
More | 2 | Understanding and mutual trust | Anaphoric | Indefinite Pronoun |
Both | 2 | China and USA | Anaphoric | Indefinite Pronoun |
Other | 20 | Indigenous | Cataphoric | Indefinite Pronoun |
One | 29 | Creations | Anaphoric | Indefinite Pronoun |
Something | 49 | Missionary movements | Cataphoric | Indefinite Pronoun |
One | 57 | Important astral body | Cataphoric | Indefinite Pronoun |
One | 4 | Big obstacle | Cataphoric | Cardinal Number |
One | 19 | Problem | Cataphoric | Cardinal Number |
That | 8 | Decision | Anaphoric | Relative pronoun |
Who | 14 | Those | Anaphoric | Relative pronoun |
When | 33 | Current efforts | Anaphoric | Relative pronoun |
Which | 35 | Popular novel | Anaphoric | Relative pronoun |
Whose | 38 | Lu Xun | Anaphoric | Relative pronoun |
That | 36 | Liu's essays | Anaphoric | Relative pronoun |
That | 46 | Conjunction | ||
That | 46 | Culture | Anaphoric | Relative pronoun |
That | 49 | Missionary movements | Anaphoric | Relative pronoun |
That | 53 | Conjunction |
Ing Functions:
· Continuous:
-Ing Form | Line | Meaning | Function |
Has been going out | 5-6 | Ha estado saliendo | Continuous |
Is also being done | 13 | También está ocurriendo | Continuous |
were denouncing | 18-19 | Estaban denunciando | Continuous |
Is trying | 40 | Esta tratando | Continuous |
Adjective:
-Ing Form | Line | Meaning | Function |
Unwavering | 15 | incondicional | Adjective |
Competing | 20 | competidoras | Adjective |
Ing after a preposition:
-Ing Form | Line | Meaning | Function |
for holding China back | 18-19 | Por Retrasar a china | after a preposition |
To launching | 9 | A emprender | after a preposition |
Present.Participle (PP).:
-Ing Form | Line | Meaning | Function |
According | 4 | De acuerdo | P.P |
Celebrating | 8 | Apoyarlo | P.P |
Seeking | 56 | Que Buscan | P.P |
Present Participle clause (PPC) :
-Ing Form | Line | Meaning | Function |
Reaching Chinese soil | 24 | Alcanzando tierra china | P.P.C |
Noun:
-Ing Form | Line | Meaning | Function |
understanding | 1 | Comprensión | Noun |
Loving | 13 | Amante | Noun |
prizing | 13 | Premiación | Noun |
Gerund Phase:
-Ing Form | Line | Meaning | Function |
Including | 50 | Incluyendo | G.P |
Verb Tenses:
Present Perfect:
Verb | Line | Meaning | Function |
Has been going out | 6 | Ha estado saliendo | Present Perfect (continuous) |
Has been | 16 | Ha estado | Present Perfect |
Has never been | 19 | Nunca ha sido | Present Perfect |
Have always been | 20 | *Siempre ha habido | Present Perfect |
Has provided | 21 | Ha proveído | Present Perfect |
Have been | 25 | *Han habido | Present Perfect |
Have valued | 34 | Han valorado | Present Perfect |
Have also loved | 34-35 | También han amado | Present Perfect |
Has long been seen | 52 | Ha sido largamente visto | Present Perfect (Passive Voice) |
Passive Voice:
Verb | Line | Meaning | Function |
Is also being done | 13 | También está siendo hecho | Passive Voice in simple present |
Were once praised | 38 | Fueron una vez elogiados | Passive Voice in simple past |
Linked to | 49 | Ligado a | Passive Voice in simple present (Implicit) |
Modal Verbs:
Verb | Line | Meaning | Function |
Would have | 11 | Tendría | Simple Modal |
Shouldn't find | 45 | No deberían encontrarse | Simple Modal |
Might have | 46 | Podría tener | Simple Modal |
Should be put | 57 | Puede ser puesto | Complex Modal |

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