Acculturation

I will read the article Acculturation from Dalia's Blog.

Acculturation

African traits were replaced or modified by European traits. Almost all African traits have been influenced by European culture, especially in the cities. The people in the cities have been most affected by modernization in Kenya. In 1886, Kenya came under the control of the British. Kenya was ruled by the British for almost 80 years. British laws became the law of Kenya. English became the official language. The schools that were start were taught in English. Contact with the British brought many changes to African culture. This contact with the British is an example of innovations coming from outside the culture. This kind of innovation is called acculturation, because Africans and British came into direct contact. Acculturation is the change that takes place in a culture over a period of time as a result of contact between different cultures. In Kenya, there were European settlers and British officials. Kenyans came into contact with Europeans in government work in factories, and on the farms. Many new traits came to Kenya through acculturation. Why have Africans wanted to change? If you can drive a car to work, would you want to walk? If you can have a refrigerator, would you want to cool your meat in spring? If you can have a pair of shoes, would you want to always go barefooted? People everywhere want to live better.

Practising Pronunciation

I will pronounce the following words, preparing myself to the last test:

Plot, Euro, Native, Skeptics, Produce, Production, Natives, Environment, Development, Technique, Unique, Economy, Economics, Democracy, Democrats, Democratic, Politics, Political, Politician, Foreign Policy, European Union, United States of America, United Nations Organization, coup d'Etat, NATO, developing countries, underdeveloped countries.

Pronunciation Videos

Hi everyone, this time I want to share with you a series of videos about English pronunciation tips that I’ve download from the BBC Learning English page. I was reading news, and I get bored after a while, so I began to read about tips, and I think that it is important to share, so enjoy it.

I just post 2 videos, but if you want to watch it all, you can find it in http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/sounds/

Visiting Dalia's Blog

First of all, I want to congratulate the huge patience that Dalia have with me specially. Well, I’ve read some of the articles posted it in the English V Dalia’s Blog, and was so interesting and helpfully, I get develop my English skills, with the pronunciation web program (that it is so fast talking) and also with that particularly articles, with so words that I didn’t know before. Specially three articles, Tycoon takeover, the new Blasphemy and the largest “Incoterms”. The last one was, in my opinion the most difficult, because I didn’t Know anything about the International commercial terms, and all that types of responsibilities of the sellers and also buyers.

This is my last post on the blog. This was an interesting activity, I really enjoyed it. Also it is very productive and it helped me so much.

Advantages
1.- It helped me to practice and improve my writing, grammar and pronunciation.

2.- It was useful to be aware of what was happening in the world.

3.- It was a good way to look for current information in English.

4.- Students get a lot of opportunities to put into practice the objectives and the contents of the course. It is harder than making a group presentation.

Recommendations

1 .- Spend time on the blog, i.e. think about what to upload: latest news, articles relevant to internationalists.

2 .- Make weekly entries: in this way you will make your blog very dynamic.

3 .- Focusing on the things you love and do the job with enthusiasm. In my case, I focus on Asia. I also liked to apply the translation techniques we learned in English IV and continue in English V. Grammar exercises were also important for the texts chosen contained most of the problems studied in class and in the programme.

Spain earthquake: Lorca residents assess damage

                            The quake caused widespread panic in Lorca

Residents in the Spanish town of Lorca are assessing (Present Continuous) the damage from quakes that killed nine people and forced thousands to spend the night outdoors.

The mayor of the historic town, with a population of 90,000, said: "Almost no-one slept in their homes".

Some 20,000 buildings are believed to have been damaged in what was Spain's worst earthquake for 50 years.

The magnitude 5.2 tremor hit early on Wednesday evening, around two hours after a quake measuring 4.4.(P.P.C)

Those who died – including (P.P.C) at least one pregnant woman and a child - were killed by falling (After a Preposition)masonry in the second tremor.

Regional officials say at least 130 people have been injured, with several in a serious condition.

'Very scared'

Lorca's Mayor Francisco Jodar said most of the town's population had spent the night sheltering (P.P) in their cars, streets, public squares or other towns.

Some camped out in an outdoor basket ball court, and others used children's playgrounds.

"We have provided them with blankets, food, water and both medical and psychological attention," he said.

"It is very sad to see neighbours spending (P.P) the night in the street," he added. "There is desperation and fear that there could be another seismological event."

Many people were queuing (Present Continuous) at first light for food and hot drinks from emergency workers.

Some were returning ( Past Continuous) to their homes to assess the damage, although many were ordered to keep away until a safety assessment of their buildings had been carried out.

"We are very scared, because ours [house] didn't collapse, but they are very damaged," one resident, Jose Crespo, said. "All the village has fallen, everything... All the buildings (Noun) have been affected."

"We know we live near a fault line but we never thought this would happen," another resident Pepe Tomas, 56, told the AFP news agency. "People are afraid. No-one here has ever seen anything like this before."

The Red Cross says it has moved in 24 ambulances and set up three field hospitals.

Hundreds of military teams are now in the town, searching (G.P) the rubble for victims and survivors, beginning (G.P) the clean-up and checking (G.P)which buildings (Noun) are safe to enter.

Schools and some roads remain closed, although some train services have now been restored, Spanish media reports.

Medieval town

The most powerful earthquake struck the town, in Murcia region, at 1847 (1647 GMT), at a depth of just 10km (six miles). The shock could be felt as far away as Madrid.

"These [tremors] were like huge pushes from below, then violent shakes left and right. It was quick, but completely terrifying," (As a Abjctive)Lorca resident Angel Dominguez.

Hundreds of residents and workers streamed out of buildings (noun)and gathered in squares, parks and open spaces amid fears of further tremors.

Witnesses described seeing (P.P) rubble and masonry rain down on people as they fled.

Some 350 ambulances were used to evacuate 400 patients from two hospitals in the town, regional officials said.

Lorca is an ancient town, with many medieval buildings and streets badly damaged in the quake.

A Spanish cameraman had a lucky escape after TV pictures captured the dramatic moment the bell tower from a 17th Century church crashed to the ground just metres from him.

Spain has hundreds of earthquakes every year but most of them are too small to be noticed.

Murcia is the country's most seismically active area and suffered tremors in 2005 and 1999. It is close to the large faultline beneath the Mediterranean Sea where the European and African continents meet.

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13371472

Bin Laden death 'not an assassination' - Eric Holder

Bin Laden death 'not an assassination' - Eric Holder

US Attorney General Eric Holder: "He (Bin Laden) had indicated he was not going to be taken alive" (PresentCOntinuous)

US Attorney General Eric Holder has said that the raid on Osama Bin Laden's hideout, in which the al-Qaeda leader was killed, was "not an assassination".

Mr Holder told the BBC the operation was a "kill or capture mission" and that Bin Laden's surrender would have been accepted if offered.

The protection of the Navy Seals who carried out the raid was "uppermost in our minds", he added.

Bin Laden was shot dead on 2 May in the complex in Abbottabad, Pakistan.

The raid has had a mixed reaction in Pakistan, and on Thursday several hundred supporters of former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif rallied in Abbottabad shouting anti-US slogans.

The marchers shouted "Go, America Go", "Down with [US President Barack] Obama" and "Down with [Pakistani President Asif Ali] Zardari", and waved the green flags of Mr Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League-N party.

Mr Sharif has called for a full judicial inquiry into the raid.

'Legal operation'

Mr Holder said the special forces had acted "in an appropriate way" in the absence of any clear indication Bin Laden had been going to (Past Perfect Continuous) surrender.

"If the possibility had existed, if there was the possibility of a feasible surrender, that would have occurred," he said.

"But their protection, that is the protection of the force that went into that compound, was I think uppermost in our minds."

The attorney general reiterated that the operation was legal, saying (Past Continuous) that international law allows the targeting (Noun) of enemy commanders.

Supporters of Pakistan ex-PM Nawaz Sharif in Abbottabad denounced the US government

"I actually think that the dotting (Noun) of the i's and the crossing (Noun) of the t's is what separates the United States, the United Kingdom, our allies, from those who we are fighting," (Present Continuous) he said.

"We do respect the rule of law, there are appropriate ways in which we conduct ourselves and expect our people to conduct themselves, and I think those Navy Seals conducted themselves in a way that's consistent with American, [and] British values."

The interview with Mr Holder comes a day after a statement by Bin Laden's family questioning  (P.P)why he was not captured alive.

His sons criticised the US for carrying(After a Preposition) out his "arbitrary killing". (Noun)

The UN has also raised concerns.

Special rapporteurs Christof Heyns and Martin Scheinin said in a statement that deadly force was permissible in exceptional cases as a last resort.

"However, the norm should be that terrorists be dealt with as criminals, through legal processes of arrest, trial and judicially decided punishment," they added.

'Gruesome pictures'

Members of US Congress are being (Present Continuous) shown photos of Bin Laden just after his death, which the US government has so far refused to publish.

Oklahoma Senator James Inhofe, who saw them on Tuesday, described them as "pretty gruesome".

Meanwhile, documents seized during the raid suggested Bin Laden had a hand in every recent major al-Qaeda threat, US officials have said.

In the latest of a series of media briefings, unnamed US security and and intelligence officials said the documents showed that Bin Laden had calculated how many Americans would have to die before the US withdrew from the Middle East.

He also encouraged his followers to attack cities such as Los Angeles, as well as New York.

Intelligence agents are continuing to analyse the documents - said to be stored on around 100 flash drives and five computers.

source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13370919

Japan crisis: Tepco agrees conditions for state aid

Japan crisis: Tepco agrees conditions for state aid

Tepco says workers stopped a leak into a storage pit outside reactor No 3

The operator of Japan's crisis-hit nuclear plant has agreed to drastic restructuring (Present Perfect + Adj+ Noun) in return for government help paying a huge compensation bill.                   

The conditions agreed by Tepco include massive cost-cutting, no upper limit for compensation payouts and accepting an investigation of its management.

The move comes exactly two months after the devastating earthquake and tsunami.

Earlier Tepco said it had found another leak of highly contaminated water into the sea but was able to halt the flow.(Simple Past + infinitive)

A Tepco spokesman said workers stopped a leak into a storage pit, which lay outside reactor No 3 and within metres of the ocean.

A similar leak at the Fukushima Daiichi plant's reactor No 2 was sealed in April with a special chemical known as liquid glass.

The plant has been leaking (Present Perfect continuous) radiation since the 11 March earthquake and subsequent tsunami damaged cooling systems at the six-reactor plant.

More than 80,000 local residents living within a 20km (12 mile) radius of the plant have been evacuated (Present Perfect + Passive Voive) from their homes.

Agriculture and businesses have been hit (Present Perfect + Passive Voive) and there is no timescale yet for allowing residents to return - Tepco has said that it may take up (Modal Simple + Infinitive)to nine months to achieve a cold shut-down at the plant.

Tepco is seeking a 2 trillion yen ($24.8bn) loan to see it through the initial emergency. It also expects to pay 50 billion yen ($620m) in initial compensation to those evacuated around the plant. (Simple Present + Infinitive)

Overall damages are unknown but are expected to be much higher.(Present Simple + Infinitive in passive Voice)

The government is considering establishing a new body to deal with the payments in case they exceed Tepco's ability to pay.     (Present Continuous+ Infinitive without to)

In a statement on Tuesday, the company said it faced "an extremely severe situation" in terms of raising funds and that it needed state help so that "fair and prompt" compensation could be paid to residents.(Modal Complex)

Lifted spirits

Two months since the twin natural disaster, people across the affected region held a moment of silence for the victims.

Fukushima's mayor said the imperial visit had lifted evacuees' spirits

Nearly 15,000 people are confirmed dead and more than 9,800 remain unaccounted for, according to the latest police figures.

The number of people still living in evacuation centres stands at about 115,000 - mostly in Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima prefectures.

Earlier on Wednesday Emperor Akihito and his wife visited evacuees living in a gymnasium in Fukushima City.

Fukushima Mayor Takanori Seto said the imperial visit had lifted spirits.

"In reality, evacuees are going through serious pain. They want to go (Simple Present+ infinitive) home. But in front of their majesties, they said 'Yes, we are OK.' I was moved by that," the mayor told reporters.

"At evacuation shelters, people are worried because they don't know what will happen to them in the future," he said.

"The nuclear plant has to be stabilised as soon as possible."

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13360758

My visit to Dalia Lozada´s Blog

My visit to Dalia Lozada´s Blog

My visits to Dalia Lozada´s Blog was very productive, there I found the text I needed for the individual presentation. But for me the most thing useful of the blog, is to have the application that allows you to listen to the text. I have learned how to pronounce these words: Europeans, European, Nature, Native, Scientists, Produce, Countries, Economist, Economy, the United Nations, NATO, Political, Politic, Democratic, Democrat. All these words are in the following texts:  the new blasphemy, tycoon takeover turkey: between east and west, se habla electoral votes.

Resource: http://dalialozadaucv.blogspot.com/

A moving forward to Integration (Title)

INTEGRATION. Presidents agree to create two Brazilian-Venezuelan joint ventures and to assign the pipeline’s construction. (Subtitle)

A moving forward to integration.

One of the two joint ventures created will operate a crude oil field in Venezuela and the other one a refinery in Brazil.

Michael Astor | AP

1MANAUS –Brazil and Venezuela agreed to forge ahead with two joint ventures
2between their state-run oil companies and a natural gas pipeline that would
3stretch across the Amazon rainforest. (The Main Idea)

4President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Venezuela's Hugo Chávez on
5Thursday signed a series of accords to speed the projects that had been
6agreed upon earlier but had gotten bogged down in bureaucracy. "With these
7partnerships we are showing that South America can resolve its energy
8problems," Silva said

9Outlining the joint ventures between state oil companies, Chávez said one
10company would operate Carabobo I, an extra-heavy oil field in Venezuela's
11Orinoco Basin. Petróleos de Venezuela SA, PDVSA, will provide 60 percent
12of the capital for the Carabobo project, with the remainder coming from
13Petróleo Brasileiro SA, Petrobras.   (the Main Secondary Idea)

14Lula expressed his commitment to pursuit the approval of Venezuela's
15entrance into Mercosur. Another company would operate an oil refinery in the
16Brazilian state of Pernambuco with 60 percent of the capital coming from
17Petrobras and 40 percent from PDVSA.

18In December 2005, Silva and Chávez laid the refinery's cornerstone but
19cooperation between the two companies stalled and Petrobras recently
20began talking about building it without Venezuelan help.

21Chávez called the projects “the nerve of (South American) integration,"
22adding that they would “shield (Silva) from an energy crisis." Silva also said
23they would soon select a company to develop a project for a natural gas
24pipeline from Venezuela to Brazil's northeast.

25He expressed his willingness to work in order to assure that Brazil's congress
26would ratify Venezuela as a full member of the Southern Cone Common
27Market, or Mercosur.  (the Secondary-Secondary Idea)

28"With these partnerships we are showing that South America can resolve its
29energy problems."

30The two leaders are opponents of U.S.-backed efforts for a Free Trade Area
31of the Americas. But Venezuela's bid to join Mercosur is encountering
32resistance from lawmakers in Brazil who must ratify the expansion. So far,
33Argentina and Uruguay have ratified Venezuela's entry in the group while
34Brazil and Paraguay have not.

The Many Chinas

I worked this text in English IV, but I wanted to share it here because it is very interesting. It explains the challenge facing China to grow as one unified nation. And at the same time proves the interest of the Chinese nation to forget its disputes with the United States seek to strengthen and open his borders  to the world. This is wonderful for us; give us the opportunity to meet one of the culturally richest countries

The Many Chinas

By Kate Merkel-Hess and Jeffrey Wasserstrom

1What factors hinder the growth of "understanding and mutual trust" between China
2and the U.S.? Chinese President Hu Jintao called for more of both when he met with
3U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates in Beijing and is likely to refer to it again when
4he lands in the U.S. on Jan. 18. One big obstacle, according to Beijing, is cultural
5warfare. Intimidated by China's rise, Chinese spokesmen insist, the West has been
6going out of its way to offend the world's most populous country and second biggest
7economy. Exhibit A in their brief: the Nobel Peace Prize committee's decision to honor
8Liu Xiaobo, a figure with views so allegedly "un-Chinese" that celebrating him is
9equivalent to launching a broadside against China's cultural core.

  

10We agree that Chinese culture is under assault — but not, as Communist Party
11officials would have it, just from the outside. Yes, some foreigners disparagingly talk
12about China's flawed "cultural DNA," bequeathed to it, apparently, by a hierarchy-
13loving, conformity-prizing "Confucian" heritage. But damage is also being done by
14those within the country who repeat the Chinese leadership's simplistic mantra about 15China's unwavering love of "Confucian" stability and harmony.

16One problem with this official rhetoric is that there has been plenty of wavering. A
17century ago, a broad spectrum of Chinese intellectuals criticized Confucianism for
18holding China back, and as recently as the 1970s, communist leaders were
19denouncing Confucius. China, moreover, has never been an exclusively Confucian
20nation. There have always been other indigenous, competing creeds. Taoism, for
21example, has provided an antiauthoritarian counterpoint to hierarchical models of
22politics for millennia.

23Beyond this, visions of imperial China as hermetically sealed off from the world are a
24myth. Foreign belief systems often made their way in and, once reaching Chinese
25soil, merged with some form of Confucianism (there have been many versions of
26that creed) or Taoism (ditto) to create hybrid schools of thought. Long before Deng 27Xiaoping's Marxist-inflected reboot of Lee Kuan Yew's Singaporean capitalist-meets-
28Confucian soft authoritarianism, there were equally complex homegrown fusion
29creations. A famous one was Chan Buddhism (known in Japanese as Zen), a mash-
30up of native Taoist and imported Indian elements.

31Current efforts to treat Confucius as Chinese culture personified — whether via
32state-funded Confucius Institutes or the not-quite-official Confucius Peace Prize just
33ginned up to compete with the Nobel — also run into trouble when we get to texts.
34Yes, generations of Chinese have valued the great sage's Analects. But they have
35also loved Journey to the West, a popular novel in which the central figure, the
36Monkey King, is a rebellious trickster. Even Liu's essays that present "Chinese
37culture" as an obstacle to progress are hardly "un-Chinese." Lu Xun, an iconoclastic
38figure whose stories were once praised by Mao Zedong and still show up in
39textbooks, made a similar argument in the 1920s.

40In its response to Liu's Nobel win, Beijing is trying to claim the center of Chinese
41culture. Yet Chinese cultural tradition features regional and ethnic variations of
42sufficient breadth to support dozens of doctoral theses. We need to think about
43China, with its mutually unintelligible languages — not merely dialects — as more 44equivalent to a continent than a country.

45Asians, Africans, Europeans and Americans both South and North shouldn't find it
46hard to appreciate that a continent-size country might have a culture that is more
47complex than outsiders imagine or populist nationalists imply. Let's use the U.S. as
48an example. There is something very American about the missionary movements,
49often linked to imperialist expansion, that sent U.S. Christians to varied corners of
50the globe, including China, in the late 1800s and early 1900s. And yet, as the  51enormous interest generated by the newest edition of his autobiography shows, the 52fervently antimissionary, anti-imperialist Mark Twain has long been seen as the 53quintessential U.S. writer. To suggest that his views were somehow un-American
54makes no sense.

55Confucianism, whether in service of Beijing's desire to keep political protest in check
56or as the tool of international observers seeking to discredit China as a nation of 57automatons, should be put in its proper place. It is not the polestar but just one
58admittedly important astral body in China's vast intellectual universe.
Read 

Source: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2042222,00.html#ixzz1BWX2qPtD

Title	Meaning	Technique
The Many Chinas	Las diferentes culturas Chinas	Addition

TRANSLATION

Las diferentes culturas chinas

¿Qué factores impiden el crecimiento de "la comprensión y la confianza mutua" entre China y EE.UU.? El presidente chino, Hu Jintao, pidió más de parte de ambos cuando se reunió con el Secretario de Defensa de EE.UU., Robert Gates, en Beijing y es probable que se refieran a esto de nuevo cuando aterrice en los EE.UU. el 18 de enero. Un gran obstáculo, según Pekín, es la guerra cultural. Los portavoces chinos insisten que Occidente intimidado por el ascenso de China ha estado desviándose de su camino al ofender al país más poblado y la segunda mayor economía del mundo. Prueba A en el expediente: la decisión del comité del Premio Nobel de la Paz que honra a Liu Xiaobo, una figura con puntos de vista supuestamente "anti-chino" ya que apoyarlo es equivalente a proyectar una avanzada contra el núcleo cultural de China.

Estamos de acuerdo en que la cultura china está bajo ataque - pero no sólo desde el exterior  tal y como los oficialistas del Partido Comunista lo entienden. Sí, algunos extranjeros despectivamente hablan de los defectos del "ADN cultural" chino, debido aparentemente a la herencia “confuciana”  de premiar la conformidad y el amor a la jerarquía. Pero el daño también se está realizando dentro del país por los que repiten el mantra de liderazgo simplista sobre el amor incondicional chino a la estabilidad y la armonía "Confuciana".

Un problema con esta retórica oficial es que se produce un montón de incertidumbre. Hace un siglo, un amplio espectro de intelectuales chinos criticó el confucionismo por retener la evolución de China, y en fecha tan reciente como la década de 1970, los líderes comunistas denunciaban a Confucio. China, por otra parte, nunca ha sido una nación exclusivamente confuciana. Siempre han tenido otros credos indígenas que compiten entre ellos. El taoísmo, por ejemplo, ha proporcionado una contraparte a los modelos jerárquicos anti autoritarios de la política desde hace milenios.

Más allá de esto, las visiones de la China imperial como herméticamente aislada del mundo son un mito. Los sistemas de creencia extranjeros a menudo se abrieron paso y, una vez  que llegaron al suelo chino, se fusionaron con alguna forma de confucionismo (existen muchas versiones de ese credo) o el taoísmo (ídem) para crear escuelas de pensamiento híbrido. Mucho antes del reinicio de la inflexión marxista de Deng Xiaoping en el Singapur de Lee Kuan Yew el cual era de tendencia autoritaria blanda confuciana-capitalista, hubo creaciones de fusión de origen propio igualmente complejas. Una de estas fue el  famoso Budismo Chan (conocido en Japón como Zen), una mezcla de los elementos taoístas nativos e importados de la India.

Los esfuerzos actuales para tratar a Confucio como personificación de la cultura china - ya sea a través de Institutos de Confucio fundados por el Estado o el  no -del todo- oficial Premio Confucio de la Paz recién creado para competir con el Premio Nobel - también se meten en problemas cuando lleguemos a los textos. Sí, las generaciones de chinos han valorado el gran sabio de las Analectas. Pero también le han encantado Viaje al Oeste, una novela popular en la que la figura central, el Rey Mono, es un embaucador rebelde. Los ensayos de Liu que incluso presentan "la cultura china" como un obstáculo para el progreso son apenas "anti-chinos". Lu Xun, una figura iconoclasta cuyas historias fueron elogiados una vez por Mao Zedong y sigue apareciendo en los libros de texto, hizo un argumento similar en la década de 1920.

En respuesta a la victoria de Liu al obtener el Nobel, Beijing está tratando de reclamar el centro de la cultura china. Sin embargo, la tradición cultural china cuenta con variaciones regionales y étnicas de la suficiente amplitud como para apoyar a decenas de tesis doctorales. Tenemos que pensar en China, con sus lenguas mutuamente ininteligibles - no sólo dialectos – como algo más equivalente a un continente que a un país.

Para  los asiáticos, africanos, europeos y americanos tanto del Sur como del Norte no les debería resultar difícil darse cuenta que un país del tamaño de un continente podría tener una cultura más compleja de lo que podrían imaginar los extranjeros o lo que  presuponen los nacionalistas populistas. Vamos a utilizar los EE.UU. como un ejemplo. Hay algo muy americano acerca de los movimientos misioneros, a menudo vinculados a la expansión imperialista, que envió a los cristianos de EE.UU.  a variados rincones del mundo, incluida China, a finales de 1800 y principios de 1900. Y, sin embargo, como el enorme interés generado por la nueva edición de su autobiografía muestra, el ferviente anti-misionero y anti-imperialista Mark Twain es visto como el escritor estadounidense por excelencia. Sugerir que sus opiniones eran en cierto modo anti-estadounidense no tiene sentido.

El confucionismo, ya sea sirviendo al deseo de Pekín de mantener bajo control la protesta política o como la herramienta de los observadores internacionales que buscan desacreditar a China como una nación de autómatas, debe ser puesto en su lugar correspondiente. No es la estrella polar, pero ciertamente es un importante cuerpo astral en el vasto universo intelectual de China.

TRANSLATION PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES

Phrases

1 Intimidated by China's rise, Chinese spokesmen insist, the West has been going out of its way to offend the world's most populous country and second biggest economy.

Translation

Los portavoces chinos insisten que Occidente intimidado por el ascenso de China ha estado desviándose de su camino al ofender al país más poblado y la segunda mayor economía del mundo

T.P.S techniques used: Modifying type 1, Natural Equivalence

2 Yes, some foreigners disparagingly talk about China's flawed "cultural DNA," bequeathed to it, apparently, by a hierarchy-loving, conformity-prizing "Confucian" heritage.

Translation

Sí, algunos extranjeros despectivamente hablan de los defectos del "ADN cultural" chino, debido aparentemente a la herencia “confuciana”  de premiar la conformidad y el amor a la jerarquía.

T.P.S techniques used: Modifying type 2

3 Long before Deng Xiaoping's Marxist-inflected reboot of Lee Kuan Yew's Singaporean capitalist-meets-Confucian soft authoritarianism, there were equally complex homegrown fusion creations.

Translation

 Mucho antes del reinicio de la inflexión marxista de Deng Xiaoping en el Singapur de Lee Kuan Yew el cual era de tendencia autoritaria blanda confuciana-capitalista, hubo creaciones de fusión de origen propio igualmente complejas.

T.P.S techniques used: Modifying type 1 y 2, Addition y Expliciting

4 Yet Chinese cultural tradition features regional and ethnic variations of sufficient breadth to support dozens of doctoral theses.

Translation

Sin embargo, la tradición cultural china cuenta con variaciones regionales y étnicas de la suficiente amplitud como para apoyar a decenas de tesis doctorales.

T.P.S techniques used: Expliciting

5 And yet, as the enormous interest generated by the newest edition of his autobiography shows, the fervently antimissionary, anti-imperialist Mark Twain has long been seen as the quintessential U.S. writer.

Translation

Y, sin embargo, como el enorme interés generado por la nueva edición de su autobiografía muestra, el ferviente anti-misionero y anti-imperialista Mark Twain es visto como el escritor estadounidense por excelencia.

 T.P.S techniques used: Natural Equivalence, Transposition

6 Confucianism, whether in service of Beijing's desire to keep political protest in check or as the tool of international observers seeking to discredit China as a nation of automatons, should be put in its proper place.

Translation

El confucionismo, ya sea sirviendo al deseo de Pekín de mantener bajo control la protesta política o como la herramienta de los observadores internacionales que buscan desacreditar a China como una nación de autómatas, debe ser puesto en su lugar correspondiente.

T.P.S techniques used: Socio-Cultural Cognitive Bridge

7 It is not the polestar but just one admittedly important astral body in China's vast intellectual universe.

Translation

No es la estrella polar, pero ciertamente es un importante cuerpo astral en el vasto universo intelectual de China.

T.P.S techniques used: Expliciting

COHESIVE FOCUS SECTION

Referent	Line	What does it refers	Function	Grammatical Category
He	2	President Hu Jintao	Anaphoric	Personal Pronouns (Subject)
He	4	President Hu Jintao	Anaphoric	Personal Pronouns (Subject)
We	10	Authors	Anaphoric	Personal Pronouns (Subject)
We	33	Authors	Anaphoric	Personal Pronouns (Subject)
We	42	Authors	Anaphoric	Personal Pronouns (Subject)
It	57	Confucianism	Anaphoric	Personal Pronouns (Subject)
Him	8	Liu Xiaobo	Anaphoric	Personal Pronouns (Object)
It	11	Communist Party officials	Anaphoric	Personal Pronouns (Object)
It	12	hierarchy-loving	Cataphoric	Personal Pronouns (Object)
It	45	China have a complex  culture	Cataphoric	Personal Pronouns (Object)
Its	6	Way	Cataphoric	Possessive Adjectives
Its	40	Response	Cataphoric	Possessive  Adjectives
Its	43	Mutually unintelligible languages	Cataphoric	Possessive  Adjectives
Its	57	Proper place	Cataphoric	Possessive  Adjectives
Their	7	Brief	Cataphoric	Possessive  Adjectives
Their	24	Way	Cataphoric	Possessive  Adjectives
His	51	Autobiography	Cataphoric	Possessive  Adjectives
His	53	Views	Cataphoric	Possessive Adjectives
Those	14	People who repeat mantra	Cataphoric	Demonstrative pronoun
This	16	Official rhetoric	Cataphoric	Demonstrative  Adjectives
This	23	One problem	Anaphoric	Demonstrative pronoun
That	26	Creed	Cataphoric	Demonstrative Adjectives
More	2	Understanding and mutual trust	Anaphoric	Indefinite  Pronoun
Both	2	China and USA	Anaphoric	Indefinite Pronoun
Other	20	Indigenous	Cataphoric	Indefinite  Pronoun
One	29	Creations	Anaphoric	Indefinite Pronoun
Something	49	Missionary movements	Cataphoric	Indefinite Pronoun
One	57	Important astral body	Cataphoric	Indefinite Pronoun
One	4	Big obstacle	Cataphoric	Cardinal  Number
One	19	Problem	Cataphoric	Cardinal  Number
That	8	Decision	Anaphoric	Relative pronoun
Who	14	Those	Anaphoric	Relative pronoun
When	33	Current efforts	Anaphoric	Relative  pronoun
Which	35	Popular novel	Anaphoric	Relative pronoun
Whose	38	Lu Xun	Anaphoric	Relative pronoun
That	36	Liu's essays	Anaphoric	Relative pronoun
That	46			Conjunction
That	46	Culture	Anaphoric	Relative  pronoun
That	49	Missionary movements	Anaphoric	Relative  pronoun
That	53			Conjunction

Ing Functions:

·         Continuous:

-Ing Form	Line	Meaning	Function
Has been going out	5-6	Ha estado saliendo	Continuous
Is also being done	13	También está ocurriendo	Continuous
were denouncing	18-19	Estaban denunciando	Continuous
Is trying	40	Esta tratando	Continuous

Adjective:

-Ing Form	Line	Meaning	Function
Unwavering	15	incondicional	Adjective
Competing	20	competidoras	Adjective

Ing after a preposition:

-Ing Form	Line	Meaning	Function
for holding China back	18-19	Por Retrasar a china	after a preposition
To launching	9	A emprender	after a preposition

Present.Participle (PP).:

-Ing Form	Line	Meaning	Function
According	4	De acuerdo	P.P
Celebrating	8	Apoyarlo	P.P
Seeking	56	Que Buscan	P.P

Present Participle clause (PPC) :

-Ing Form	Line	Meaning	Function
Reaching Chinese soil	24	Alcanzando tierra china	P.P.C

Noun:

-Ing Form	Line	Meaning	Function
understanding	1	Comprensión	Noun
Loving	13	Amante	Noun
prizing	13	Premiación	Noun

Gerund Phase:

-Ing Form	Line	Meaning	Function
Including	50	Incluyendo	G.P

Verb Tenses:

Present Perfect:

Verb	Line	Meaning	Function
Has been going out	6	Ha estado saliendo	Present Perfect (continuous)
Has been	16	Ha estado	Present Perfect
Has never been	19	Nunca ha sido	Present Perfect
Have always been	20	*Siempre ha habido	Present Perfect
Has provided	21	Ha proveído	Present Perfect
Have been	25	*Han habido	Present Perfect
Have valued	34	Han valorado	Present Perfect
Have also loved	34-35	También han amado	Present Perfect
Has long been seen	52	Ha sido largamente visto	Present Perfect (Passive Voice)

Passive Voice:

Verb	Line	Meaning	Function
Is also being done	13	También está siendo hecho	Passive Voice in simple present
Were once praised	38	Fueron una vez elogiados	Passive Voice in simple past
Linked to	49	Ligado a	Passive Voice in simple present (Implicit)

Modal Verbs:

Verb	Line	Meaning	Function
Would have	11	Tendría	Simple Modal
Shouldn't find	45	No deberían encontrarse	Simple Modal
Might have	46	Podría tener	Simple Modal
Should be put	57	Puede ser puesto	Complex Modal